body is not only in subjection to the head as its authoritative “overlord” but also derives its growth and development from its head (cf. also Bedale, JTS 5 [1954] 214). To return to Eph 1:22b: κεφαλή is used here to denote Christ’s position of rule and authority over all things, and as the one given to the Church, the head is an entity distinct from the body. In the juxtaposition of cosmic and ecclesiological perspectives found in this clause, the writer has taken a confessional formulation about